![]() In the Neotropics, parrots are exceptionally rich in species, and there are approximately 158 species distributed from northern Mexico to southern South America (Clements et al., 2021 Forshaw, 1989). Consequently, all neotropical psittaciform species are listed in the CITES protected species appendices (CITES, 2022). Unfortunately, this group is also notable for being among the most endangered birds globally. In the Neotropical region, the main threats they face and that have caused their populations to decrease are human activities, such as agriculture, logging, and capture for the pet trade, among others (Berkunsky et al., 2017 Cantú-Guzmán et al., 2007). We propose dispersion routes from south to north in the Neotropics and the use of the Greater and Lesser Antilles as a northward path.PsittaciformesAriniBayesian inferencephylogenyhistorical biogeographyNeotropicsFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionPsittaciformes are one of the most representative avian orders, since their coloration, cognitive capacity, and ability to imitate human words distinguish them from other birds. The diversification of these groups is related to geoclimatic events associated with the uplift of the central and northern portions of the Andes and the closure of the Isthmus of Panama. Biogeographic reconstruction suggests that the most likely origin of these genera is the Amazonian or Chaco regions. Aratinga is the oldest, followed by Eupsittula and the youngest is Psittacara. ![]() The genera Aratinga and Eupsittula originated during the Miocene, and the genus Psittacara originated at the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. We found that of the seven monophyletic clades within the Arini tribe, four coincided with the genera Psittacara, Eupsittula, Rhynchopsitta, and Pyrrhura, and three clades were integrated by different genera. In this study, phylogenetic relationships, divergence times and the ancestral areas of the genera Aratinga, Eupsittula and Psittacara and related genera were estimated to propose hypotheses of origin, diversification, and dispersal of groups under a Bayesian inference framework based on mitochondrial molecular markers. However, in general, for North American psittacines, there are no proposed divergence times, and the possible influence of different geological events on these processes is unknown. It is widely accepted that these birds originated in South America, and it has been suggested that different factors have promoted the biodiversity of birds in Mexico. ![]() work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 2posted 08 Mar, 2023You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractThe arrival of psittacines in North America is well known but undefined. Monterrubio-Rico, Horacio Cano-Camacho, and 1 moreThis is a preprint it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. Origin and diversification of the genera Aratinga, Eupsittula and Psittacara (Aves: Psittacidae) | Research Square BrowsePreprintsCOVID-19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & ServicesOverviewDigital EditingProfessional EditingBadgesResearch PromotionYour CartAboutPreprint PlatformIn ReviewEditorial PoliciesOur TeamAdvisory BoardBlogHelp CenterSign InSubmit a PreprintCiteShareDownload PDFResearch ArticleOrigin and diversification of the genera Aratinga, Eupsittula and Psittacara (Aves: Psittacidae)Gabriela Padilla-Jacobo, Tiberio C.
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